Os Textos A Seguir Completar O Exercício

Atividade: Baseando-se nos textos a seguir completar o exercício II.

5. INCOTERMS 2020

In order to close an international trade business, it’s important to learn about the Incoterms.  Let’s analyze the meaning of the word Incoterm:  In stands for international; co stands for commerce; terms means expressions, as well as the conditions established in a contract.  So, Incoterms are expressions and conditions used in international trade.  They are rules recommended by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), which is an institution affiliated to the United Nations (UN), to define the exporter and importer’s responsibility as to transportation, cost, and expenses. Incoterms deal with a number of identified obligations imposed on both parties, exporter and importer.

The ICC first published in 1936 a list of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms, known as Incoterms 1936.  Of course the way of doing business evolves as time goes by.  So, once in awhile it’s necessary to revise the Incoterms and adapt them to contemporary use.  They were revised in 1953, 1967, 1976, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 and recently in 2020. The latest version has been in force since January 1st 2021. There are eleven Incoterms. They are FAS, FOB, CFR and CIF for transportation on waterways (maritime, river, and lake transportation); EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, DPU, DAP, and DDP for the other kinds of transportation. The incoterms DAF, DES, DEQ and DDU were substituted by DAT, DAP, and DDP, which was maintained. Now the Incoterms/2020 was substituted by DUP. Study the key words listed in Some Hints before reading the definitions of the Incoterms.

Some Hints… Key words: seller:  the exporter buyer:  the importer premises:  place, site, address. delivery:  release, discharge. (a hint: remember pizza delivery!) country of origin:  exporting country country of destination:  importing country carrier:  transporter, shipping company, train company or hauler cleared cargo:  imported cargo, after payment of all import duties at customs; nationalized cargo Look for the key words in italic in the following list of the Incoterms.

EXW - Ex Works (...named place)

The seller places the goods at the importer’s (buyer’s) disposition at a factory, plant or plantation. The importer is responsible for loading the truck or the appropriate mean of transportation, at an established address and for the complete freight from this point to the final destination. (Example:  EXW Melita factory, EXW Triunfo plant).  This term represents the minimum obligation for the seller. The buyer is responsible for all costs and risks involved in taking the goods from the seller’s premises.  

FAS -- Free Alongside Ship (...named port of shipment)

The exporter can place the cargo on the wharf (or quay).  It must be alongside the ship nominated by the importer at a defined port.  Example:  FAS Vitória, FAS Santos.  If the vessel is not alongside the wharf, the exporter must take the goods on a barge (passage boat) to the side of the vessel.  The buyer is responsible for loading the vessel.  It’s used for sea or inland waterway transport.  

FOB -- Free on Board (...named port of shipment)

This is the most used Incoterm.  The exporter must stow the goods on a vessel, nominated by the importer, at defined port.  The exporter is responsible for the cargo loading.  Example:  FOB Buenos Aires.  It’s used for sea or inland waterway transport.  

FCA -- Free Carrier (...named place)

The goods are delivered by the exporter at a place, agreed to by the exporter and importer, in the country of origin.  If delivery occurs at the seller’s address, the seller is responsible for loading.  If delivery occurs at any other place, the seller is not responsible for loading.   The place of loading can also be an airport, a railway station, a bus station, etc.  It’s commonly used for transport by rail, road, air, sea, and inland waterway or by a combination of such modes. Example:  FCA Corumbá.  

CFR -- Cost and Freight (...named port of destination)

The goods are delivered by the exporter at a definite port in the country of destination.  The exporter is responsible for the international freight.  Example:  CFR Hong Kong.  The importer is responsible for unloading the vessel.  

CPT -- Carriage Paid to (...named place of destination)

The exporter is responsible for the freight up to a certain point in the country of destination.  The seller can deliver the goods to a carrier nominated by himself (the seller); Example:  CPT Warehouse Nr. 44, Rotterdam.  This term can be used to transport by rail, road, air, sea, and inland waterway, or by a combination of such modes.  

CIF -- Cost, Insurance and Freight (...named port of destination)

The exporter is responsible for the freight and insurance up to the port of destination.  The importer is responsible for unloading the vessel.  Example:  CIF Shanghai.  This term can be used only for sea and inland waterway transport.

CIP -- Carriage and Insurance Paid (...named place of destination)

The exporter is responsible for the freight and insurance up to a point in the country of destination.  It is mostly used for multimodal transportation.  The importer is responsible for unloading the cargo.  This term can be used to transport by rail, road, air, sea, and inland waterway, or by a combination of such modes.  Example: CIP Santa Cruz.